��ࡱ�>�� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������'` �R���bjbj��8�r�r�^c%�������xxxxxxxh$TMTMTM8�Md�M\��n.XN\N"~N~N~NYOYOYOl�l�l�l�l�l�l$ph�r��lx�OYOYO�O�O�lxx~N~N��n�[�[�[�O�x~Nx~Nl�[�Ol�[�[��ihxxk~NLN ��V�n��TM�S�Ijl�n0�nYj�>s~Z~s kk�>sZs$x�k�YOmO�[{O �OoYOYOYO�l�l�[4YOYOYO�n�O�O�O�O����p4����p4��Tdxxxxxx���� Chapter IV Poets and Thinkers in Han, Wei and Six Dynasties Il׋ Song of Gaixia � 0�W NLk 0 �y�M| � I could lift a mount and quell the world,/But e en my steed fails me at times absurd. Now that my steed cannot preserve my life,/What can I do for you,oh my dear wife! Song of Strong Winds� 0'YΘLk 0 �R�� � It is strong winds that drive adrift the cloud./Now home again am I, a king so proud. Can t I find frontier guards among the crowd? The Autumn Wind � 0�yΘ�� 0 �R{_ � When autumn winds are sweeping clouds away,/Leaves fall and wild geese fly on southward way. While orchids and chrysanthemums have their best days,/My fair maid always in my mind�s eyes stays. Our boat is floating on the river Fen,/Cutting midstream currents now and then, With music mingled with the songs of men./My joy is dampened by the simple truth That senior age falls on the heels of youth. Oh Heaven Above! 0 N�� 0 Oh heaven above! /I ll shower you with my love./Let it endure despite the fates above. When mountains do not rise high, /Or the rivers run dry. Or winter thunders come by, /Or summer snows fly,/Or the earth meets the sky. Only then shall I abandon my love. �S׋AS]N�� On and On 0L�L�͑L�L� 0 On and on, alas, on and on!/Far away from me you will be gone! You ll be away o er ten thousand li,/A world apart between you and me. As the way is tough and long, my dear,/Who knows if we can meet this year? The steeds from Hu would neigh in northern breeze; /The birds from Yue would nest in southern trees. Day by day, the farther you will go,/Day by day, the thinner I will grow. As the drifting cloud may shroud the sun, /So the roving man may seek new fun. Thought of you has made me look so old./When it comes to me that days are cold. Do forget about it! Let it be!/I hope you�ll eat your fill and be carefree! I wade the stream 0�m_lǑ��Ʉ 0 I wade the stream to pluck lotus flowers;/The orchid marsh abounds in scented grass. To whom shall I present the grass and flowers?/Close in heart but far apart is my lass. When I look back upon my homeward way. /The way that lies ahead is long and cold. We re heart to heart but distance holds its sway;/Grief is mine until my heart grows old. Man Scarcely Lives 0�Nu N�n~v 0 Man scarcely lives more than a hundred years,/But tastes a thousand years of cares and fears. Let s spend the night with feasting and with song!/ We should enjoy ourselves while we may:/Why should we wait until the future day! �^�[Θ��� N�f ��^�[NP[ �!�0t �f�d 0��}��[ 0Longevity Long in the world the turtle stays,/Yet it has an end unto its days. High in the sky the dragon flies,/Yet it returns to earth when it dies. Long in the pen the old steed stays,/Yet recalls its running ways. A hero blest with senior years/Aims high, strives hard dismissing fears. How long the sand of life may flow,/Not to Heaven alone we owe. Sound in body, sound in mind,/We can leave death far behind. It�s such a pondering mood I am/That I sing it as an epigram. 0�wLkL� 0A Short Song When I drink, I sing a song/ As life can by no means last long. Life is like the morning dew; The bygone days come not anew. I sigh and sigh, for life is short./I m always haunted by the thought. How can I relieve my pang?/Nothing but the wine Dukang. The collar of your coat is blue;/ This collar brings back thought of you. As you remain far, far away,/ I sing this famous song today. The bleating deer can oft be seen/ Nibbling there on wormwood green. To renowned guest I pay salute, /with music of the lute and flute. Bright, oh bright is the moon; /In the heaven it is strewn. Over this I always grieve,/ My lasting sorrows never leave. However, you�ve come all the way;/To offer service here you stay. We chatter freely as old friends,/ Our deep affection never ends. The moon and stars shine in the sky; /Toward the south the songbirds fly. When birds are circling round the birch,/ On which branch are they to perch? The mountain needs more rocks to grow,/ The ocean needs more water to flow. The Duke of Zhou accepts the wise,/And so this state expands in size. �f i Shrimps and Eels, The Lute Song, In the Capital, A pretty maiden, A White Steed �fN 1. 0�qLkL� 0A song from Yan When it grows cold with chilly autumn breeze, /With fall of leaves. the dews will frost, then freeze. When swans and swallows fly their southward way, / thoughts of my wandering man fills me with dismay. Now in deepened thoughts for home you stand, why do you linger on foreign land? Day and night I stay at home alone; Obsessed by thoughts of you here on my own, Large drops of tears shed and then I moan. I play the Clear Shang tunes upon the lute, Singing somber notes, now audible, now mute. Upon my bed the bright moon sheds its light, When the milky way points to the west at night. Woeful is the Cowherd and the Weaver star�Why they are just gazing from afar? 2. 0xQ�� ���e 0Historical Allusions and Essays I would say that literary works are the supreme achievement in the business of state, a splendor that does not decay. A time will come when a person s life ends; glory and pleasure go no further than this body. To carry both to eternity, there is nothing to compare with the unending permanence of the literary work. So the writers of ancient times entrusted their persons to ink and the brush, and let their thoughts be seen in their compositions; depending neither on a good historian nor on momentum from a powerful patron, their reputations were handed down to posterity on their own force. �^�[NP[: T[���e>N0H�3tT[�t0�s�|�N�[0�_r^O�0.�@tCQ\t0�^�s�_t0RbhlQr^ T[�� (153-208) Kong Rong s Quick Wits in Childhood �When Kong Rong (styled Wenju) went to Luoyang, the then capital, with his father, he was only ten years old. At that time, Li Ying (styled Yuanli), the supreme official inspector, was a man of great reputation in the country. Nobody except his relatives and those who possessed distinct attainments and high commendation would be admitted to his presence. �I�m a relative of your master,� said the boy to the gate officer, who at once led him in. Sitting before the host, Kong Rong was questioned by Li Ying: �What relationship is there between you and me?� �In old times, my forefather Confucius had a teacher-pupil relationship with your ancestor Lao Zi (styled Boyang),� replied the boy guest, �and therefore our two families have been closely related for many generations.� Li Ying and all his other guests present were greatly surprised at the answer. Chen Wei, the counselor, came later and was told what Kong Rong had said. �Being bright in early childhood does not necessarily mean that he will be clever when grown up,� he observed. In response to this, Kong Rong said, � I guess you must have been very bright in your childhood,� which made Chen Wei feel very embarrassed. �s�|�177-217 � 0N�T׋ vQN 0 Lamentations (I) As the western capital falls to civil strife,/Usurpers grab for power, ruining life. I ll leave the mid-land for a second time,/Seeking shelter in the southern clime. Full of sorrow are my kith and kin,/Ready to follow me through thick and thin. Along the way, nothing may be found,/Nothing but dried bones that dot the ground. I see a hungry woman on the way/Discard her son amid the grass and hay. From behind me comes a weep and cry/Of the woman moaning loud her reason why: �As I myself know not where I shall die,/How are we to keep the maternal tie?� I gallop past the woman in great haste,/Nor bear nor hear the words of bitter taste. When I reach the tomb of Emperor Wen,/I look back at abandoned Chang�an again. With the poem Spring Waters in my mind,/I m sad for lack of kings so wise and kind. H�3t �? �217 � 0n�l���W�zL� 0 Watering the steeds At a Great wall fount I water my steed; The chilly water cuts to the bones indeed. To my officer there I go and say,  Do not force our men from Taiyuan to stay.� �Official business has its fixed date; you just ram the earth and do not wait!� �We men would rather die in the fight, Than toil and moil on the worksite!� The Great Wall sprawls as far as the eyes can see; It sprawls well over three thousand li. So many young men work in border zone; So many young wives stay at home alone. !�0t 0�3{ASkQ�b 0Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute �Song 1��� ������������� In the early part of my life, equity still governed the empire, But later in my life the Han throne fell into decay. Heaven was not humane, sending down rebellion and chaos, Earth was not humane, causing me to encounter such a time. War gear was a daily commonplace, and travel by road was dangerous, The common people fled, all plunged in wretchedness. Smoke and dust darkened the countryside, overrun by barbarians; They knocked aside my widow�s vows, and my chastity was lost. Their strange customs were so utterly foreign to me Whom can I possibly tell of my calamity, shame, and grief? One measure for the nomad flute, one stanza for the qin, No one can know my heart�s agony and anger! Song 12 �The east wind responds to natural recurrences, with plenty of warm air, I know that the Han Son of Heaven is spreading energy and peace. Now the Qiang and the Hu dance the measures and sing in harmony, The two nations make a truce and put an end to conflict. Suddenly we meet an envoy from China, bearing a direct order; He offers a thousand pieces of gold as a ransom for me. I rejoice that I lived for a chance to return to greet our enlightened ruler, But I grieve at parting from my two young sons, with no chance of meeting again. My twelfth song balances sorrow and joy, My twin emotions go, stay to whom can I reveal them? Song 15 �In my fifteenth song the tempo of the melody quickens, The spirit which rises in my breast, who understands its song? I lived in a yurt with the nomads, their customs so different and strange, I longed to return to my home, and Heaven granted my wish, My return to China should be enough to gladden my heart. But my heart is full of memories that feed my ever-deepening sorrow, The sun and moon are impartial, yet they fail to shine on me. The thoughts of children and mother separated are hard to bear; Though the same sky is our canopy, we are like distant constellations, Not knowing if one or another lives or dies, or where we might find each other. ��[��N 0MR�Q^h� 0Memorial to the Emperor Before the Northern Expedition I, your humble subject Zhuge Liang, have this to say: The late Emperor had by far not yet attained his objective of restoring the Han Dynasty before he deceased halfway in his career. Now the country is divided into three camps, and Yizhou has exhausted it resources. It is indeed a critical moment when survival is at stake. However, the royal guards keep vigilant at court while the loyal soldiers with high aim fight selflessly on the battlefield, because they bear in mind the late Emperor�s special grace, wishing to repay it to Your Majesty. It would be most judicious that you give more open-minded hearing to your counselors, so as to aggrandize his legacy of noble virtues and heighten the armymen�s morale. In the meantime, it would be inadvisable to strain your modesty or make inapt remarks, thus blocking faithful remonstrances. The court and the chancellery are one entity. No difference should be made between them in respect of promoting and commending the good or punishing and criticizing the evil. Those who are guilty of misconduct or creditable for devotion and noble character should be referred to the authorities to be penalized or awarded on their merits, so as to manifest Your Majesty�s justice and perspicacity. It would be inappropriate to show partiality and make distinction between regulations inside and outside the court. Ministers such as Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi and Dong Yun, having integrity and probity as well as faith in our cause and purity of mind, were selected by the late Emperor to be used by Your Majesty. I think that they should be consulted on all court affairs, be they great or small, before they are put into execution. This will certainly be conducive to making up for loopholes and defects in our work and to effecting greater successes. General Xiang Chong, a man of good nature, well versed in tactics, formerly used on probation and considered by the late Emperor as capable, has been recommended by all to be the Military Superintendent. In my humble opinion, he should be consulted on all matters concerning the army, be they great or small. This will surely contribute to the harmony in the army and to putting both the superior and the indifferent people in their proper places. To be close to virtuous courtiers and alien to knavish ones was what made the Earlier Han Dynasty strong and prosperous, while to be close to knavish courtiers and alien to virtuous ones was what made the Latter Han Dynasty collapse. When the late Emperor was still alive, he did not fail to sign with regret and bear a bitter grudge against Emperors Huan and Ling every time he discussed this history with me. Ministers such as Chen Zhen, Zhang Yi and Jiang Wan are all constant and loyal subjects. It is hoped that Your Majesty will hold them dear and trust them. In that case, the revival of the Han Dynasty can be expected in the nearest future. I was originally a commoner, tilling my land in Nanyang, trying merely to survive in the troublous times, not seeking to be known to the nobility. The late Emperor, disregarding my humble birth and low position, condescended to pay me three visits in my thatched cottage, consulting me on contemporary issues. I was therefore very grateful to him and promised him my whole-hearted service. Later our army suffered a disastrous defeat, I was appointed as envoy to Wu at the time of the debacle, and was installed in office at a moment of great peril and tribulation. Since then twenty one years have elapsed. Knowing my prudence, the late Emperor entrusted me with that task of great consequence upon his demise. Being thus committed, I have often worried at night, fearing lest I should fail to live up to the trust, reflecting discredit upon His Majesty�s sagacity. Consequently, I led the troops to cross the River Lu in the fifth month, penetrating into the depth of the barren land. Now that the southern territory is stabilized and armaments are sufficient, it is high time to reward the army, so as to march north and recover the central part of the country. I wish that I might exhaust my mediocre ability in extirpating the treacherous malefactors and restoring the Han Dynasty with a triumphant re-entry into the lost capital. This is what I should do to repay the kindness of the late Emperor and to perform my duty to Your Majesty. As for handling matters with discretion and weighing advantages and disadvantages as well as making faithful remonstrances, they are the concern of Guo, Fei and Dong. I beg Your Majesty to enjoin upon me the success of the expedition and the revival of the Han Dynasty. Should I fail, then call me to task and have me duly punished, so as to solace the soul of the late Emperor. In the absence of outspoken suggestions regarding the advancement of virtues and morality, Guo, Fei and Dong are to be corrected and to have their fault of remissness made known to everybody. It would be wise that Your Majesty also give more consideration to State affairs, soliciting the good opinions on conducting the government and accepting with discernment other people�s views, so as to realize the late Emperor�s wish as expressed in his testament. I shall be most grateful to you for your kindness. Upon my departure to a remote region, I cannot help shedding tears while writing this memorial, not quite clear myself on what I have herein related. �z�gN$� (240-249 �O�Kf�N�f) �.�M|0G]�^0q\�m0R6O0.��T0T�y0�sb T�y 0`�eK�v^�^ 0Recalling Old Time I used to be a near neighbor of Ji Kang and L� An. Both were men of irrepressible talent. But Ji Kang was high-minded and out of touch with the world, and L� An, though generous in heart, was somewhat wild. Eventually both of them got into trouble with the law. Ji Kang had a wide mastery of the various arts, and was particularly skilled at string instruments. When he was facing execution, he turned and looked at the shadows cast by the sun, and then called for a lute and played on it. My travels took me to the west, but later I passed by the old houses where we used to live. It was the hour when the sun was about to sink into the Gulf of Yu, and the cold was harsh and biting. Someone nearby was playing a flute, the sound of it drifting abroad, tenuous and thin. I thought back to the good times we�d had, the banquets and outings of long ago, and, stirred to sadness by the notes of the flute, I decided to write this fu. Obeying orders, I journeyed to the distant capital,/ Turned around at last and came back north, Setting out by boat to cross the Yellow River,/Going by way of old home at Shanyang. I scanned the lonely reaches of the spreading plain,/ Halted my horses to rest by a corner of the city wall, Walked the roads my two friends had once frequented,/Passed their empty houses on the humble lane. I intoned the �Drooping Millet� with its tears for Zhou,/ Sorrowed with the �Ear of Wheat� over ruins of Yin, Thought of the past and those I longed for,/ My heart restless, my steps unsure. Roof and ridgepole still there, unbending,/ But those bodies and spirits�where have they gone? Long ago, when Li Si went to his death,/ He signed for his yellow dog with endless longing. I grieve that Master Ji had to leave forever,/ Looking at the sun and shadows, playing on a lute, Entrusting his destiny to a deeper understanding,/Giving his life�s remainder to that moment of time. When I heard the wailing flute with its troubling sound,/Wonderful notes that break and begin again, I halted my carriage before going farther,/To take a brush and write what is in my heart. v� nf�Kf � 0�N�gHQu O 0Master Five Willows Nobody knows where he came from or what his family name was. He is simply known as Master Five Willows after the five willow trees that grow by his house. He is a quiet man who does not talk much. He does not covet fame or wealth, and derives his pleasure from the perusal of books. He reads causally without a need for thorough understanding. Whenever he has learned something from the books, he is so happy that he often forgets his meals. He has a fondness of wine, but being poor, he cannot often afford it. His relatives and friends know about it and will invite him over for a drink. Every time he goes to their home he drinks his fill and is never satisfied until he is drunk, and then leaves without tarrying. The walls in his house are bare, and can shelter him neither from the rain and wind, nor from the scorching sun. His cotton gown is worn to rags and he is always short of food. But he takes all this with equanimity. He often writes essays to amuse himself and to express his aspirations and interests. He spends his life in this way, disregarding personal gain and loss. The following is my appraisal: Qianlou said, "Neither be sad for being poor and lowly, nor be eager to seek riches and honor." Ruminating on his words, one will wonder whether he is referring to Master Five Willows and his like. Master Five Willows sips wine and composes poems to give full expression to his lofty ideals. Isn't he a common man of the ancient times of Wuhuai Shi or Getian Shi? 0R_�SegnQ�� 0 Come away home! My fields and gardens will be unweeded. Why not go home? �Ah, foolish me that have sent my soul to bondage; Why should I pine and be vexed with myself? I know the past is beyond recall. 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Deserted though the garden-paths, The pine stands, the chrysanthemums bloom. I lead in my little one by the hand �And find the jar full of wine. �With a bottle and cup I freely drink, Smiling, I look at the trees in the front-court, I lean against the southern window to sooth my pride, And feel happy and contented in the narrow room. The garden enriches the soul with my daily visits, Though the garden-gates remain closed all the while. Carrying a staff I wander at ease, Often I look up into the distance. The careless clouds issue from behind the peaks, And birds, tired of flying, think of coming home. As the veiled sun is going down west, I tarry to fondle the lonely pine. 0R_0u�VE\ 0vQNBack to Country Life I ve loathed the madding crowd since I was a boy/While hills and mountains have filled me with joy. By mistake I sought mundance careers/And got entrapped in them for thirty years. Birds in the cage would long for wooded hills;/Fish in the pond would yearn for flowing rills. So I reclaim the land in southern fields./To suit my bent for reaping farmland yields. My farm contains a dozen mu of ground;/My cottage has eight or nine rooms around. The elm and willow screen the backside eaves,/While peach and plum shade my yard with leaves. The distant village dimly looms somewhere,/With smoke from chimneys drifting in the air. In silent country lances a stray dog barks,/Amid the mulberry trees cocks crow with larks. My house escapes from worldly moil or gloom,/While ease and quiet permeates my private room. When I escape from bitter strife with men,/I live a free and easy life again. When I plant beans at the foot of Southern Hill, Bean shoots are few but rank grass grows at will. I rise at early dawn to weed and prune,/ Till, hoe on shoulder, I return with the moon. As the path is narrow, grass and bushes tall,/ The evening dew will soak my dress and all. It�s nothing if my dress wet with dew,/ As long as my desires indeed come true. (vQ�N) 0n�R� 0Drinking Wine My house is built amid the world of men,/ Yet with no sound and fury do I ken. To tell you how I can keep deaf and blind,/ Any place is calm for a peaceful mind. I pluck hedge-side chrysanthemums with pleasure,/ And see the tranquil Southern Mount in leisure. The evening haze enshrouds it in fine weather,/While flocks of birds are flying home together, The view provides some veritable truth,/ But my defining words seem to me uncouth. �Kf ��s�KN 0pQ�NƖ�^ 0Prologue to the Collection of Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion At the beginning of the late spring in the ninth year of Yonghe, that is, the year of Guichou according to the lunar calendar, a group of learned scholars, old and young, are gathered at the Orchid Pavilion in the Shanyin County of Kuaiji Prefecture to celebarate the festival of Xi. Here are high mountains and lofty ridges which are overgrown with tall bamboo groves and dense forests. A clear stream with a rapidly running current that winds like a belt, shining in the bright sun, is ideal for floating wine vessels. We sit by the water in proper order, sipping wine and composing poems. Though lacking musical accompaniment, each of us is inclined to pour forth his innermost feelings. It is a fine day. The sky is clear and the breeze is gentle. Looking upward, we see the great expanse of the universe. Looking downward, we see the great variety of living things. Then we look around as far as the eyes can see and feel elated, enjoying ourselves to the utmost both visually and aurally. What a delightful experience it is! When friends get together, time flies as quickly as if a lifetime were spent in the twinkling of an eye. Some engage in intimate conversations in the room, baring their hearts to each other, others identify themselves with what they like and abandon themselves to unrestrained joy. Though people may differ in their choices or temperaments, they invariably find temporary contentment, when they come upon something that delights them. They are so happy that they even forget they will be old soon. However, one's taste changes and soon one is bored with what one once liked. Then one cannot help but sign deeply with emotion. It saddens me to think that the happiness we are enjoying at this moment will be a bygone thing at another moment, not to mention that we are subject to the natural law and that we will eventually perish. The wise man in ancient times said, "The problem of life and death is a matter of vital importance." Isn't it depressing to think of that? I have noticed whatever stirred up the emotions and feelings in the ancients also calls forth the same emotions and feelings in me, as if the ancients and I were the two halves of a deed. I have been perplexed as to why the writings of the ancients always make me sign with grief, though I know that it is absurd :�<�ޔ��|�~���'�(�{�|�ӗԗ� ��:�<�>�6�=���������s�z����������������*����������������Ǻ���������������ss�fh�b�h�/�5�6�aJo(h�b�h�o'5�aJo(h�o'5�aJo(h�o'h�o'5�aJo( h=`TaJ h=`TaJo(h�k�h�k�6�aJo( h�k�aJ h�k�aJo(h�b�h�k�5�6�aJo(h�b�h=`T5�aJo(h�b�h�k�5�aJo(h�Jh�JKHaJo(h�Jh�JKHaJh�V<KHaJo(&��R����,�ʞp�4�������$����2�ζt�v�������������������gd]{l & Fgd�o' ��WD�`��gd#�����WD�[$\$`��gd#�����WD�[$\$`��gd#� & F��[$\$gd#�gd�/� & Fgd�/�gd�o'gd=`T*�,����������������'������ ����0�2�P�T�������ű�����}th�[O[B�< h�o'aJh�o'h]{l5�6�aJo(h�o'h�o'5�6�aJh�o'h�o'5�6�aJo(h�o'h�o'5�aJo(htT�5�aJo( h�k�aJo(U h#�aJh#�CJOJQJ^JaJ-h#�h#�0J5�CJOJQJ\�^JaJo('h�o'h#�0J6�CJOJQJ^JaJh�o'h#�0JCJaJo(htT�0JCJaJo( h�o'aJo( h�/�aJ h�/�aJo(h�b�hJm5�6�aJo(to identify life with death and long life with early death. Alas! Our descendants will look upon us just as we look upon our forefathers. So I am listing the names of the people present at this gathering and the poems they have composed. Though times will change and things will be different in the future, the cause of their emotions and feelings will be the same as ours. I hope future readers would empathize with this writing of mine. �Kf �P[YLk Ziye s Love Songs At sunset I step out of my front door./ And look about for you to come today. My pretty face and hair the men adore./ With fragrance drifting all along the way. As fragrance issues from the scent I wear,/ My face is not so pretty as you say. Since heaven never leaves me in despair,/ I have the chance to meet with you today.     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