��ࡱ�>�� �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������z�a�k��W7�{�y3�T�( � � ����������1`�(���� �F/� 0��|�DArialngsRoman�������2� 0���"�D�[SOalngsRoman�������2� 0���� �DVerdanasRoman�������2� 0���"0�DTimes New Roman�������2� 0���@�DWingdingsRoman�������2� 0���� �A� .�  @�n��?" d�d@�����  @@``�� ����"]      !�,r�$�k��W7�{�y3�T�i� �0���A���A�@���8���������ʚ;���ʚ;�g��4PdPdh����2� 0�����p�pp�@ <�4dddd�� 0����� �"�0�___PPT10� p�p����___PPT9������2������?� � %�vY���.Academic Writing f[/g���e�Q\O����9Yining Yan Associate Professor ningning77_88@hotmail.com�$0��� ���Part I�introduction���e_� Brief introduction to your research topic Eg. In mid-August of 1994, an event occurred that greatly interrupted the normal routines of coverage for newspapers across the country.� At that time, the major league baseball strike began, forcing many newspapers to re-evaluate their sports coverage patterns.� �P.. �P * ��� ��More details of the topic or your theoretical framework Eg. The baseball strike provides an intriguing opportunity to examine news gathering routines conducted at the nation's newspapers.� How would newspapers react now that they no longer had a baseball season to cover?� Some newspapers might simply cut back on the normal space allotted to sports, while others might fill up the empty space left by the strike with coverage of other sports.� Readers and advertisers also may have reacted to the loss of normal baseball coverage by dropping their subscriptions or cutting back on their normal advertising expenditures.� Finally, larger newspapers, with more financial resources, might have reacted differently to the baseball strike than smaller newspapers �T8P�PP8 ��9���� ��t ������� The disappearance of an important newspaper beat, such as professional baseball, for an extended period of time is unprecedented.� Obviously, police or courts would never disappear from the newspaper beat system.� Yet the decision-making process of editors in their reaction to the strike may offer important insights into the news production process �uZu��� ���Talk about your problem or purpose and your plan �fxvz�b�v�v �`O�QY`HNZP� The present study, then, attempts to examine the reactions of newspapers to the 1994 baseball strike.� Data come from 227 daily newspaper editors who responded to a mail survey.� The editors were asked whether they reacted to the strike by cutting back on space allotted to sports or by filling the sports section with other types of sports coverage.� They also were asked if their newspaper discovered any loss of revenue due to either canceled subscriptions or lower advertising sales.� The results were compared across newspapers with large, medium and small circulations to examine differences among different market sizes. �\CP}�0" d�P2PC t�,1 t� �� ��va rationale for study ���_U\xvz�vt1u� What area? Why important? N�NHN���W gsQ�:N�NHN͑��� Baseball coverage is an important part of most daily newspapers.� Stone1 notes that sports has traditionally been one of the best read sections of a newspaper.� How the sports section is produced, then, is an important area of research that deserves further attention.� In addition, by comparing reactions to the baseball strike across a wide range of newspapers, we investigate whether market characteristics affect the decision-making process of editors inside the nation's newsrooms. ��!Z*Z��0" d�Z2Z  ��>  �� �� ��~Part II�Literature review�e.s�~�� Focus� interpretations of prior research as a justification for a study Attention� not a chronological record not a list of study after study after study a good argument for your study and what you plan to find Pay attention to key studies( usually longer) Typically 5- 10 Put them in sections: Media economics, gatekeeping, sports reporting, etc.�<PSPOP��bJ ! � �� ��Part III�HypothesesxvzGP�� or Research Questions Literature review should set the stage for hypotheses. HPs are based on the understanding of previous research. Thus, based upon the above scenarios, we propose to test the following hypothesis: ������� H1: Smaller newspapers will be more likely to cut back on space devoted to sports during the baseball strike than will larger newspapers. ��.Pq�0" d�P2P�PP.q[�  �H N� �� ���Tips: Simple, testable, falsifiable, clear, etc. Hypotheses should state how two variables are related to each other. When to use research questions?--Use hypotheses when you can make a prediction. If not, use a research question. Usually, hypotheses are stronger than research questions. Eg. There will be a positive relationship between exposure to situational depictions in Vietnam War films and audience external attribution for problems of Vietnam War veterans. ���P@� " d�2P�PPP�@�  �)�� �� ��j The more daily newspapers publishing in a country, the closer election outcomes in that country will be. �kk�i� �� ��V The larger the newspaper a top editor works for, the greater the job satisfaction. �4TW�U� �� ��� Information from a more reputable source will be evaluated as more believable than information from an ambiguous or less reputable source. ������ �� ���Larger newspapers will be more likely to cut back space devoted to sports during the 1994 baseball strike than will smaller papers. �������� ��LPart IV� Methodology xvz�e�l Describe the strategy for data gathering and the analyses appropriate to the testing of hypotheses Key: operationalize your variables �Sϑ�v�d\OS�6c*� " d�2��H h��� ��qEditors' responses were gathered through a mail survey.� The mail survey involved a random sample of 400 national daily newspapers.� Newspapers and addresses were randomly selected from the 1994 Editor and Publisher International Yearbook.� The questionnaire was addressed to the managing editor -- or the equivalent editor if a managing editor was not listed -- at each of the 400 newspapers.� A reminder postcard was sent to newspapers two weeks after the initial mailing.� Four weeks after the initial mailing, a follow-up letter and another copy of the questionnaire were sent to those newspapers that had not responded. �Fq�0" d�Z2Z�1���� �� A total of 227 newspapers responded, for a 57 percent response rate, an acceptable response rate, according to Babbie.17� An analysis revealed that the circulations of the newspapers that returned surveys corresponded closely to the overall circulation categories of U.S. dailies as reported in the 1994 Editor & Publisher Yearbook. ������� The questionnaire dealt with several aspects of newsroom operations.� Included were several questions that asked editors if the 1994 major league baseball strike had any effect on their newsroom operation.� Editors were asked which of the following their newspaper did in response to the baseball strike: ������� * Cut back on the space normally allotted for sports � * Cut back on travel expenses for sports reporters �. P4"���� ��/most important section As detailed as possible��� ��� Newspapers were categorized into three circulation groups: small newspapers (circulations less than 10,000, approximately 30 percent of the respondents), mid-sized newspapers (circulations between 11,000 and 40,000, approximately 38 percent of the respondents), and large newspapers (circulations more than 41,000, approximately 32 percent of the respondents). ������� Since the first set of content questions dealt with yes/no answers, chi-squares were computed to examine if any of the three groups responded in certain ways more than the other groups.� Since the response categories for the circulation and advertising revenues items produced interval data (a 1 to 5 scale), the final two hypotheses were tested through Analysis of Variance tests.� The ANOVA tests, then, compared the mean scores of the three circulation groups on the circulation and advertising revenues items. ��P���� ���Part V� Results xvz�~�g Start with broad, descriptive results �N���W,g�v�c��'`penc_�Y Table 1 lists the results of the responses dealing with content changes in the newspapers in our study.� A number of differences reached statistical significance. � ���F&���� ���mention the hypotheses, instead of just referring to them by number. mention if the hypothesis was support or not. don t  prove hypothesis, only find support for them. Hypothesis 1 predicted that smaller newspapers would be more likely to cut the overall space devoted to sports because of the baseball strike.� Not only was this hypothesis not supported, but the opposite was found.� According to the chi-square analysis, newspapers with larger circulations were more likely to cut space devoted to sports than were the newspapers with smaller circulations.� Larger newspapers also were more likely to cut the sports travel budget in response to the baseball strike than were newspapers with smaller circulations. �>EPd� " d�2%P������ ���The results of the tests of Hypothesis 2 and 3 are summarized in Table 2. ������� Hypothesis 2 predicted that larger newspapers would be more likely to report circulation losses due to the baseball strike.� This hypothesis was supported.� Larger newspapers were more likely to report a loss of circulation than smaller papers.� It should be noted that, while the F-score was statistically significant on this test, the difference in the mean scores across the three groups was very small.� The mean for the newspapers with the smallest circulations was 3.0 -- the score given for a response of "no change."� In fact, none of the 68 newspapers in the group of newspapers with the smallest circulations reported a change of any kind in their readership.� The means for the mid-size papers (2.95) and large papers (2.82) suggest that most of these papers also reported no change, though a large enough number did report a decrease in circulation to produce a statistically significant F-score. �0��0" d�P2P���� ��FPart VI�Discussion ���� restate your purpose � The present study attempted to examine what impact the 1994 baseball strike had upon the nation's daily newspapers.� From the 227 newspapers that responded to our study, several differences were found between small, medium and large newspapers. �D�� " d�2$�H ���� ��lrestate results, with explanations � First, larger papers cut back on space devoted to sports more often than the smaller papers did.� This was the opposite of the prediction stated in Hypothesis 1.� Since space is a more valuable -- and limited -- resource in smaller papers, we expected newspapers with smaller circulations to take the extra space that normally would be devoted to baseball and divert it to other sections.� Larger newspapers, however, were more likely to do this.� Mid-sized papers also were more likely to cut space than the smaller papers, but less likely to cut space than the larger papers. ������� It should be noted, however, that most papers overall did not cut back on the space devoted to sports.� Indeed, the majority of the newspapers here simply filled the space left by the disappearance of baseball stories with other sports news.� This likely occurred because of the relatively small amount of space devoted to sports.� For example, in their survey of managing editors, Drew and Wilhoit18 found that local news dominated space allocation. �7P7�,#��� ��Toward the end: limitations , possible future studies, and an overall summary: While the disappearance of important newspaper beats is extremely rare, the results here suggest a few new avenues for future research.� The question of whether newspapers did indeed rely more heavily on wire services in the absence of the missing beat seems especially fruitful for future research.� In addition, research may examine different time periods during the absence of the beat.� Perhaps newspapers react differently based on the length of time a beat is missing. ������� Overall, the results presented here demonstrate several differences between the editorial decision-making processes of the nation's newspaper editors.� While the baseball strike of 1994 did remove an important aspect of newspaper content, this missing element was much more significant at the nation's largest newspapers.� Life went on relatively undisturbed at the smaller papers.� The baseball strike, then, apparently produced a more significant problem for larger papers. �<P� " d�2�PP��� ���Part VII: References �S��e.s Two styles �MRT�OcN� � Chicago study (footnotes): Wanta1 1 Wayne Wanta (1997), The Public and the National Agenda, Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum. 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 ���õ�������ʾ�ĸ����ģ�� �õ�Ƭ����.-�����@"Verdana_??-./� 0��|�DArialngsRoman������2� 0����D�[SOalngsRoman������2� 0���� �DVerdanasRoman������2� 0���"0�DTimes New Roman������2� 0���@�DWingdingsRoman������2� 0���� �A� .�  @�n��?" d�d@�����  @@``�� ����"]      !�,r�$�k��W7�{�y3�T�i� �0���A���A�@���8���������ʚ;���ʚ;�g��4PdPd ()��2� 0�����p�pp�@ <�4dddd�� 0���� �"�0�___PPT10� p�p����___PPT9������2������?� � %�4R���Academic Writing ���9Yining Yan Associate Professor ningning77_88@hotmail.com�$0��� ���Part I�introduction Brief introduction to your research topic Eg. In mid-August of 1994, an event occurred that greatly interrupted the normal routines of coverage for newspapers across the country.� At that time, the major league baseball strike began, forcing many newspapers to re-evaluate their sports coverage patterns.� �P.. �F * ��� ��More details of the topic or your theoretical framework Eg. The baseball strike provides an intriguing opportunity to examine news gathering routines conducted at the nation's newspapers.� How would newspapers react now that they no longer had a baseball season to cover?� Some newspapers might simply cut back on the normal space allotted to sports, while others might fill up the empty space left by the strike with coverage of other sports.� Readers and advertisers also may have reacted to the loss of normal baseball coverage by dropping their subscriptions or cutting back on their normal advertising expenditures.� Finally, larger newspapers, with more financial resources, might have reacted differently to the baseball strike than smaller newspapers �T8P�PP8 ��9���� ��t ������� The disappearance of an important newspaper beat, such as professional baseball, for an extended period of time is unprecedented.� Obviously, police or courts would never disappear from the newspaper beat system.� Yet the decision-making process of editors in their reaction to the strike may offer important insights into the news production process �uZu��� ���Talk about your problem or purpose and your plan The present study, then, attempts to examine the reactions of newspapers to the 1994 baseball strike.� Data come from 227 daily newspaper editors who responded to a mail survey.� The editors were asked whether they reacted to the strikArialngsRoman������2� 0����D�[SOalngsRoman������2� 0���� �DVerdanasRoman������2� 0���"0�DTimes New Roman������2� 0���@�DWingdingsRoman������2� 0���� �A� .�  @�n��?" d�d@�����  @@``�� ����"]      !�,r�$�k��W7�{�y3�T�i� �0���A���A�@���8���������ʚ;���ʚ;�g��4PdPd ()��2� 0�����p�pp�@ <�4dddd�� 0���� �"�0�___PPT10� p�p����___PPT9������2������?� � %�4R���Academic Writing ���9Yining Yan Associate Professor ningning77_88@hotmail.com�$0��� ���Part I�introduction Brief introduction to your research topic Eg. In mid-August of 1994, an event occurred that greatly interrupted the normal routines of coverage for newspapers across the country.� At that time, the major league baseball strike began, forcing many newspapers to re-evaluate their sports coverage patterns.� �P.. �F * ��� ��More details of the topic or your theoretical framework Eg. The baseball strike provides an intriguing opportunity to examine news gathering routines conducted at the nation's newspapers.� How would newspapers react now that they no longer had a baseball season to cover?� Some newspapers might simply cut back on the normal space allotted to sports, while others might fill up the empty space left by the strike with coverage of other sports.� Readers and advertisers also may have reacted to the loss of normal baseball coverage by dropping their subscriptions or cutting back on their normal advertising expenditures.� Finally, larger newspapers, with more financial resources, might have reacted differently to the baseball strike than smaller newspapers �T8P�PP8 ��9���� ��t ������� The disappearance of an important newspaper beat, such as professional baseball, for an extended period of time is unprecedented.� Obviously, police or courts would never disappear from the newspaper beat system.� Yet the decision-making process of editors in their reaction to the strike may offer important insights into the news production process �uZu��� ���Talk about your problem or purpose and your plan The present study, then, attempts to examine the reactions of newspapers to the 1994 baseball strike.� Data come from 227 daily newspaper editors who responded to a mail survey.� The editors were asked whether they reacted to the strike by cutting back on space allotted to sports or by filling the sports section with other types of sports coverage.� They also were asked if their newspaper discovered any loss of revenue due to either canceled subscriptions or lower advertising sales.� The results were compared across newspapers with large, medium and small circulations to examine differences among different market sizes. �82P�P2���� �� ��"a rationale for study What area? Why important? Baseball coverage is an important part of most daily newspapers.� Stone1 notes that sports has traditionally been one of the best read sections of a newspaper.� How the sports section is produced, then, is an important area of research that deserves further attention.� In addition, by comparing reactions to the baseball strike across a wide range of newspapers, we investigate whether market characteristics affect the decision-making prPowerPoint Document(�������������zDocumentSummaryInformation8��������d������������������������Root Entry����������d�O�����)� C��*!���Pictures��������Current User������������2SummaryInformation(����`�������������������l���������������������������������������������m�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_vabcdefghijk��������nopqrstu�wxyz{|}~����� �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������_����z�������%N!`�[����՜.��+,��04������� � �� ��   ������Ļ����ʾ Microsoft�za'  Arial����VerdanaTimes New Roman WingdingsProfileAcademic Writing �õ�Ƭ 2 ocess of editors inside the nation's newsrooms. �z2Z��0" d�Z2Z ��,1 �� �� ��vPart II�Literature review Focus� interpretations of prior research as a justification for a study Attention� not a chronological record not a list of study after study after study a good argument for your study and what you plan to find Pay attention to key studies( usually longer) Typically 5- 10 Put them in sections: Media economics, gatekeeping, sports reporting, etc.�<PSPOP��bJ ! � �� ��Part III�Hypotheses or Research Questions Literature review should set the stage for hypotheses. HPs are based on the understanding of previous research. Thus, based upon the above scenarios, we propose to test the following hypothesis: ������� H1: Smaller newspapers will be more likely to cut back on space devoted to sports during the baseball strike than will larger newspapers. ��*Pq�0" d�P2P�PP*q[�  �6Y� �� ���Tips: Simple, testable, falsifiable, clear, etc. Hypotheses should state how two variables are related to each other. When to use research questions?--Use hypotheses when you can make a prediction. If not, use a research question. Usually, hypotheses are stronger than research questions. Eg. There will be a positive relationship between exposure to situational depictions in Vietnam War films and audience external attribution for problems of Vietnam War veterans. ���P@� " d�2P�PPP�@�  �)�� �� ��j The more daily newspapers publishing in a country, the closer election outcomes in that country will be. �kk�i� �� ��V The larger the newspaper a top editor works for, the greater the job satisfaction. �4TW�U� �� ��� Information from a more reputable source will be evaluated as more believable than information from an ambiguous or less reputable source. ������ �� ���Larger newspapers will be more likely to cut back space devoted to sports during the 1994 baseball strike than will smaller papers. �������� ��4Part IV� Methodology Describe the strategy for data gathering and the analyses appropriate to the testing of hypotheses Key: operationalize your variables�6c#� " d�2��H h��� ��qEditors' responses were gathered through a mail survey.� The mail survey involved a random sample of 400 national daily newspapers.� Newspapers and addresses were randomly selected from the 1994 Editor and Publisher International Yearbook.� The questionnaire was addressed to the managing editor -- or the equivalent editor if a managing editor was not listed -- at each of the 400 newspapers.� A reminder postcard was sent to newspapers two weeks after the initial mailing.� Four weeks after the initial mailing, a follow-up letter and another copy of the questionnaire were sent to those newspapers that had not responded. �Fq�0" d�Z2Z�1���� �� A total of 227 newspapers responded, for a 57 percent response rate, an acceptable response rate, according to Babbie.17� An analysis revealed that the circulations of the newspapers that returned surveys corresponded closely to the overall circulation categories of U.S. dailies as reported in the 1994 Editor & Publisher Yearbook. ������� The questionnaire dealt with several aspects of newsroom operations.� Included were several questions that asked editors if the 1994 major league baseball strike had any effect on their newsroom operation.� Editors were asked which of the following their newspaper did in response to the baseball strike: ������� * Cut back on the space normally allotted for sports � * Cut back on travel expenses for sports reporters �. P4"���� ��/most important section As detailed as possible��� ��� Newspapers were categorized into three circulation groups: small newspapers (circulations less than 10,000, approximately 30 percent of the respondents), mid-sized newspapers (circulations between 11,000 and 40,000, approximately 38 percent of the respondents), and large newspapers (circulations more than 41,000, approximately 32 percent of the respondents). ������� Since the first set of content questions dealt with yes/no answers, chi-squares were computed to examine if any of the three groups responded in certain ways more than the other groups.� Since the response categories for the circulation and advertising revenues items produced interval data (a 1 to 5 scale), the final two hypotheses were tested through Analysis of Variance tests.� The ANOVA tests, then, compared the mean scores of the three circulation groups on the circulation and advertising revenues items. ��P���� ���Part V� Results Start with broad, descriptive results Table 1 lists the results of the responses dealing with content changes in the newspapers in our study.� A number of differences reached statistical significance. �"Z�Z��F&���� ���mention the hypotheses, instead of just referring to them by number. mention if the hypothesis was support or not. don t  prove hypothesis, only find support for them. Hypothesis 1 predicted that smaller newspapers would be more likely to cut the overall space devoted to sports because of the baseball strike.� Not only was this hypothesis not supported, but the opposite was found.� According to the chi-square analysis, newspapers with larger circulations were more likely to cut space devoted to sports than were the newspapers with smaller circulations.� Larger newspapers also were more likely to cut the sports travel budget in response to the baseball strike than were newspapers with smaller circulations. �>EPd� " d�2%P������ ���The results of the tests of Hypothesis 2 and 3 are summarized in Table 2. ������� Hypothesis 2 predicted that larger newspapers would be more likely to report circulation losses due to the baseball strike.� This hypothesis was supported.� Larger newspapers were more likely to report a loss of circulation than smaller papers.� It should be noted that, while the F-score was statistically significant on this test, the difference in the mean scores across the three groups was very small.� The mean for the newspapers with the smallest circulations was 3.0 -- the score given for a response of "no change."� In fact, none of the 68 newspapers in the group of newspapers with the smallest circulations reported a change of any kind in their readership.� The means for the mid-size papers (2.95) and large papers (2.82) suggest that most of these papers also reported no change, though a large enough number did report a decrease in circulation to produce a statistically significant F-score. �0��0" d�P2P���� ��@Part VI�Discussion restate your purpose � The present study attempted to examine what impact the 1994 baseball strike had upon the nation's daily newspapers.� From the 227 newspapers that responded to our study, several differences were found between small, medium and large newspapers. �D�� " d�2!�H ���� ��lrestate results, with explanations � First, larger papers cut back on space devoted to sports more often than the smaller papers did.� This was the opposite of the prediction stated in Hypothesis 1.� Since space is a more valuable -- and limited -- resource in smaller papers, we expected newspapers with smaller circulations to take the extra space that normally would be devoted to baseball and divert it to other sections.� Larger newspapers, however, were more likely to do this.� Mid-sized papers also were more likely to cut space than the smaller papers, but less likely to cut space than the larger papers. ������� It should be noted, however, that most papers overall did not cut back on the space devoted to sports.� Indeed, the majority of the newspapers here simply filled the space left by the disappearance of baseball stories with other sports news.� This likely occurred because of the relatively small amount of space devoted to sports.� For example, in their survey of managing editors, Drew and Wilhoit18 found that local news dominated space allocation. �7P7�,#��� ��Toward the end: limitations , possible future studies, and an overall summary: While the disappearance of important newspaper beats is extremely rare, the results here suggest a few new avenues for future research.� The question of whether newspapers did indeed rely more heavily on wire services in the absence of the missing beat seems especially fruitful for future research.� In addition, research may examine different time periods during the absence of the beat.� Perhaps newspapers react differently based on the length of time a beat is missing. ������� Overall, the results presented here demonstrate several differences between the editorial decision-making processes of the nation's newspaper editors.� While the baseball strike of 1994 did remove an important aspect of newspaper content, this missing element was much more significant at the nation's largest newspapers.� Life went on relatively undisturbed at the smaller papers.� The baseball strike, then, apparently produced a more significant problem for larger papers. �<P� " d�2�PP��� ���Part VII: References Two styles Chicago study (footnotes): Wanta1 1 Wayne Wanta (1997), The Public and the National Agenda, Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum. 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Baseball coverage is an important part of most daily newspapers.� Stone1 notes that sports has traditionally been one of the best read sections of a newspaper.� How the sports section is produced, then, is an important area of research that deserves further attention.� In addition, by comparing reactions to the baseball strike across a wide range of newspapers, we investigate whether market characteristics affect the decision-making process of editors inside the nation's newsrooms. �z2Z��0" d�Z2Z ��,1 �� �� ��vPart II�Literature review Focus� interpretations of prior research as a justification for a study Attention� not a chronological record not a list of study after study after study a good argument for your study and what you plan to find Pay attention to key studies( usually longer) Typically 5- 10 Put them in sections: Media economics, gatekeeping, sports reporting, etc.�<PSPOP��bJ ! � �� ��Part III�Hypotheses or Research Questions Literature review should set the stage for hypotheses. HPs are based on the understanding of previous research. Thus, based upon the above scenarios, we propose to test the following hypothesis: ������� H1: Smaller newspapers will be more likely to cut back on space devoted to sports during the baseball strike than will larger newspapers. ��*Pq�0" d�P2P�PP*q[�  �6Y� �� ���Tips: Simple, testable, falsifiable, clear, etc. Hypotheses should state how two variables are related to each other. When to use research questions?--Use hypotheses when you can make a prediction. If not, use a research question. Usually, hypotheses are stronger than research questions. Eg. There will be a positive relationship between exposure to situational depictions in Vietnam War films and audience external attribution for problems of Vietnam War veterans. ���P@� " d�2P�PPP�@�  �)�� �� ��j The more daily newspapers publishing in a country, the closer election outcomes in that country will be. �kk�i� �� ��V The larger the newspaper a top editor works for, the greater the job satisfaction. �4TW�U� �� ��� Information from a more reputable source will be evaluated as more believable than information from an ambiguous or less reputable source. ������ �� ���Larger newspapers will be more likely to cut back space devoted to sports during the 1994 baseball strike than will smaller papers. �������� ��4Part IV� Methodology Describe the strategy for data gathering and the analyses appropriate to the testing of hypotheses Key: operationalize your variables�6c#� " d�2��H h��� ��qEditors' responses were gathered through a mail survey.� The mail survey involved a random sample of 400 national daily newspapers.� Newspapers and addresses were randomly selected from the 1994 Editor and Publisher International Yearbook.� The questionnaire was addressed to the managing editor -- or the equivalent editor if a managing editor was not listed -- at each of the 400 newspapers.� A reminder postcard was sent to newspapers two weeks after the initial mailing.� Four weeks after the initial mailing, a follow-up letter and another copy of the questionnaire were sent to those newspapers that had not responded. �Fq�0" d�Z2Z�1���� �� A total of 227 newspapers responded, for a 57 percent response rate, an acceptable response rate, according to Babbie.17� An analysis revealed that the circulations of the newspapers that returned surveys corresponded closely to the overall circulation categories of U.S. dailies as reported in the 1994 Editor & Publisher Yearbook. ������� The questionnaire dealt with several aspects of newsroom operations.� Included were several questions that asked editors if the 1994 major league baseball strike had any effect on their newsroom operation.� Editors were asked which of the following their newspaper did in response to the baseball strike: ������� * Cut back on the space normally allotted for sports � * Cut back on travel expenses for sports reporters �. P4"���� ��/most important section As detailed as possible��� ��� Newspapers were categorized into three circulation groups: small newspapers (circulations less than 10,000, approximately 30 percent of the respondents), mid-sized newspapers (circulations between 11,000 and 40,000, approximately 38 percent of the respondents), and large newspapers (circulations more than 41,000, approximately 32 percent of the respondents). ������� Since the first set of content questions dealt with yes/no answers, chi-squares were computed to examine if any of the three groups responded in certain ways more than the other groups.� Since the response categories for the circulation and advertising revenues items produced interval data (a 1 to 5 scale), the final two hypotheses were tested through Analysis of Variance tests.� The ANOVA tests, then, compared the mean scores of the three circulation groups on the circulation and advertising revenues items. ��P���� ���Part V� Results Start with broad, descriptive results Table 1 lists the results of the responses dealing with content changes in the newspapers in our study.� A number of differences reached statistical significance. �"Z�Z��F&���� ���mention the hypotheses, instead of just referring to them by number. mention if the hypothesis was support or not. don t  prove hypothesis, only find support for them. Hypothesis 1 predicted that smaller newspapers would be more likely to cut the overall space devoted to sports because of the baseball strike.� Not only was this hypothesis not supported, but the opposite was found.� According to the chi-square analysis, newspapers with larger circulations were more likely to cut space devoted to sports than were the newspapers with smaller circulations.� Larger newspapers also were more likely to cut the sports travel budget in response to the baseball strike than were newspapers with smaller circulations. �>EPd� " d�2%P������ ���The results of the tests of Hypothesis 2 and 3 are summarized in Table 2. ������� Hypothesis 2 predicted that larger newspapers would be more likely to report circulation losses due to the baseball strike.� This hypothesis was supported.� Larger newspapers were more likely to report a loss of circulation than smaller papers.� It should be noted that, while the F-score was statistically significant on this test, the difference in the mean scores across the three groups was very small.� The mean for the newspapers with the smallest circulations was 3.0 -- the score given for a response of "no change."� In fact, none of the 68 newspapers in the group of newspapers with the smallest circulations reported a change of any kind in their readership.� The means for the mid-size papers (2.95) and large papers (2.82) suggest that most of these papers also reported no change, though a large enough number did report a decrease in circulation to produce a statistically significant F-score. �0��0" d�P2P���� ��@Part VI�Discussion restate your purpose � The present study attempted to examine what impact the 1994 baseball strike had upon the nation's daily newspapers.� From the 227 newspapers that responded to our study, several differences were found between small, medium and large newspapers. �D�� " d�2!�H ���� ��lrestate results, with explanations � First, larger papers cut back on space devoted to sports more often than the smaller papers did.� This was the opposite of the prediction stated in Hypothesis 1.� Since space is a more valuable -- and limited -- resource in smaller papers, we expected newspapers with smaller circulations to take the extra space that normally would be devoted to baseball and divert it to other sections.� Larger newspapers, however, were more likely to do this.� Mid-sized papers also were more likely to cut space than the smaller papers, but less likely to cut space than the larger papers. ������� It should be noted, however, that most papers overall did not cut back on the space devoted to sports.� Indeed, the majority of the newspapers here simply filled the space left by the disappearance of baseball stories with other sports news.� This likely occurred because of the relatively small amount of space devoted to sports.� For example, in their survey of managing editors, Drew and Wilhoit18 found that local news dominated space allocation. �7P7�,#��� ��Toward the end: limitations , possible future studies, and an overall summary: While the disappearance of important newspaper beats is extremely rare, the results here suggest a few new avenues for future research.� The question of whether newspapers did indeed rely more heavily on wire services in the absence of the missing beat seems especially fruitful for future research.� In addition, research may examine different time periods during the absence of the beat.� Perhaps newspapers react differently based on the length of time a beat is missing. ������� Overall, the results presented here demonstrate several differences between the editorial decision-making processes of the nation's newspaper editors.� While the baseball strike of 1994 did remove an important aspect of newspaper content, this missing element was much more significant at the nation's largest newspapers.� Life went on relatively undisturbed at the smaller papers.� The baseball strike, then, apparently produced a more significant problem for larger papers. �<P� " d�2�PP��� ���Part VII: References Two styles Chicago study (footnotes): Wanta1 1 Wayne Wanta (1997), The Public and the National Agenda, Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum. APA style (author, year): Wanta (1997). Be consistent! ��P PPP_P(PPPP     [  (�Z /h��� ��$Write paper like a fairy tale: � 1. A princess was captured by a monster (rationale of your study) 2. How difficult it is to beat the monster�importance of your study � 3. Prince appeared with a golden sword not a broken axe�the advantage of your methodology) 4. How the prince beat the monster�introduction to your methodology � 5. Prince and princess live together, happy ever after0�solve the problem ��$!ZrZ���l7E 6�r�!�� �!�z